PENGUKURAN KEGIATAN EKONOMI MAKRO: KAJIAN TEORITIS DAN EMPIRIS ATAS PRODUK DOMESTIK BRUTO, INFLASI, PENGANGGURAN, DAN SIKLUS EKONOMI DI INDONESIA

Abstrak

The measurement of macroeconomic activities constitutes the analytical foundation for evidence-based economic policy formulation. This article aims to systematically review the concepts, methodologies, and interrelationships among four key macroeconomic indicators, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), inflation, unemployment, and the business cycle, within the context of the Indonesian economy. Employing a comprehensive systematic literature review approach reinforced by secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) and Bank Indonesia (BI) for the period 2019-2023, this study demonstrates that: (1) Indonesia recorded real GDP growth of 5.05% in 2023 with an expenditure structure dominated by household consumption (54.4%); (2) Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation was successfully reduced from 5.51% in 2022 to 2.61% in 2023 through Bank Indonesia's tight monetary policy; (3) the Open Unemployment Rate (OUR) declined to 5.32% as post-pandemic recovery gained momentum; and (4) Indonesia's economic cycle exhibited high resilience following the technical recession of 2020. This review affirms the critical importance of fiscal-monetary policy coordination in stabilizing the economic cycle and achieving long-term macroeconomic targets. The findings are relevant for academics, policymakers, and practitioners requiring an integrated analytical framework for interpreting Indonesian economic conditions.